LEGAL PROTECTION FOR LOSSES DUE TO BUGS IN SMART CONTRACTS IN TRADE PRACTICES THROUGH ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

Yusuf Kornelius; Surahmad

doi:10.56301/awl.v7i2.1543

Yusuf Kornelius Faculty of Law, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, South Jakarta, Indonesia
Surahmad Faculty of Law, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, South Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56301/awl.v7i2.1543

Keywords: Bugs, Electronic Trading System, Legal Protection, Smart Contract

Abstract

The rapid advancement of technology has significantly impacted various aspects of society, particularly in the field of trade conducted through electronic systems. One important innovation emerging from this development is the smart contract. However, alongside these advancements, new challenges have arisen, especially technical vulnerabilities that can occur at any time. Although smart contracts offer increased efficiency and security, they remain inherently susceptible to bugs. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the potential losses caused by bugs in smart contracts within electronic trading systems, as well as to examine how existing legal instruments protect parties harmed by such bugs. This research employs a normative legal methodology, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, and relies on secondary data obtained through a literature review. The findings indicate that bugs in smart contracts used in electronic trading can result in both material and immaterial losses for users. Furthermore, legal protection to mitigate such losses is supported by two main pillars: preventive protection and repressive protection, both of which are guaranteed under Indonesian positive law. Thus, the findings show that although Indonesia does not yet have specific legislation explicitly regulating smart contracts, legal protection for aggrieved parties is still available through the existing legal framework, including the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the Consumer Protection Law (UU PK), Government Regulation on Electronic Systems and Transactions (PP PSTE), and Government Regulation on Trading Through Electronic Systems (PP PMSE) which collectively cover protection aspects in technology-based trade transactions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abel, F., Rachmadani, S., Sinta, D., & Rosadi, D. (2021). Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Pada Smart Contract Ditinjau Dari Hukum Positif Di Indonesia. Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora P-ISSN, 5, 2580–1244.

Adhijoso, B. D. (2019). Legalitas Penerapan Smart Contract Dalam Asuransi Pertanian di Indonesia. Jurist-Diction, 2(2), 395–414.

Azhar, N. F., & Rochimah, S. (2016). Memprediksi Waktu Memperbaiki Bug dari Laporan Bug Menggunakan Klasifikasi Random Forest. Jurnal Sistem dan Informatika, 11(1), 156–164. http://www.jsi.stikom-bali.ac.id/index.php/jsi/article/view/99%0Ahttps://www.jsi.stikom-bali.ac.id/index.php/jsi/article/download/99/101.

Aziz, M. F., & Hidayah, M. A. (2020). Perlunya Pengaturan Khusus Online Dispute Resolution (Odr) Di Indonesia Untuk Fasilitasi Penyelesaian Sengketa E-Commerce. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 9(2), 275.

Barkatullah, A. H. & Syahrida. (2019). Sengketa Transaksi E-Commerce Internasional: Pengertian, Sebab Kemunculan, dan Cara Penyelesaian. Banjarmasin: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Press.

Buterin, V. (2014). A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. Whitepaper, 1–36. https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper.

Chandra, A. (2014). Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik Melalui Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Kaitan Dengan UU Informasi Dan Perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik no . 11 tahun 2008. Jurnal Ilmu Komputer, 10(2), 80–89.

Christidis, K., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2016). Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 4, 2292–2303.

Cieplak, J., & Leefatt, S. (2017). Smart Contracts: A Smart Way to Automate Performance. Georgetown Law Technology Review, 1:2, 417–427.

Dwyer, K. (2020, September 26). Batasan penggunaan smart contracts. EMURGO. https://www.emurgo.io/press-news/apa-itu-smart-contracts-part2/

Fahlevi, S., F., & Fitriana, M., Z. (2024). Keabsahan Smart Contract Sebagai Solusi Penyelenggaraan Manipulasi Kontrak Di Indonesia. Kabillah: Journal of Social Community, 9(14), 243–255.

Fajryani, M. Y. (2023). Kepastian Hukum Eksistensi Self-executing dan Perlindungan Hukum bagi Para Pihak Pada Smart Contract dalam Jaringan Blockchain (Doctoral dissertation). Universitas Islam Indonesia.

Fakhriani, Z. (2024, Januari 25). Jumlah Smart Contract di Jaringan Cardano Naik 67% selama Januari 2024. BeinCrypto Indonesia. https://id.beincrypto.com/jumlah-smart-contract-di-jaringan-cardano-ada-naik-67-persen-januari-2024/

Febriansyah, R., Kurniawan, Z. A., Syahladin, F. R., & Amanda, G. (2024). Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) Sebagai Perikatan Yang Lahir Karena Undang-Undang: Implikasi Terhadap Penentuan Ganti Rugi. Media Hukum Indonesia, 2(4), 597–604.

Filippi, D. P. (2018). Blockchain & the Law: The Rule of Code. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Frantz, C. K., & Nowostawski, M. (2016). From institutions to code: Towards automated generation of smart contracts. Proceedings - IEEE 1st International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self-Systems, FAS-W 2016, (September 2016), 210–215.

Giancaspro, M. (2017). Is a ‘smart contract’ really a smart idea? Insights from a legal perspective. Computer Law and Security Review, 33(6), 825–835.

Kurniawan. (2011). Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen (Problematika Kedudukan Dan Kekuatan Putusan Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK)). Malang: UB Press.

Marcellova, K. (2024, Maret 26). Kebocoran Besar di Dunia Crypto: ParaSwap Berhasil Pulihkan Dana Pengguna!. Pintu News. https://pintu.co.id/news/78254-paraswap-pulihkan-dana-setelah-kebocoran-kontrak-pintar

Muklis. (2023). Analisis Ganti Kerugian Berdasarkan Perspektif Hukum Perdata. Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum, 4(1), 6–10. http://jurnal.bundamediagrup.co.id/index.php/iuris/article/view/326

Nugraha, S. (2024). Metode Penelitian Hukum. Banjar: Ruang Karya.

Olickel, H. (2016, June 21). Why smart contracts fail: Undiscovered bugs and what we can do about them. Medium. https://hrishiolickel.medium.com/why-smart-contracts-fail-undiscovered-bugs-and-what-we-can-do-about-them-119aa2843007

Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (1999). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen [Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection]. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 20, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3821.

Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik [Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions]. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 58, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4843.

Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2019a). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik [Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 71 of 2019 concerning the Operation of Electronic Systems and Transactions]. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2019 Nomor 185, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6400.

Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2019b). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 80 Tahun 2019 tentang Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik [Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 80 of 2019 concerning Trade through Electronic Systems]. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2019 Nomor 222, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6420.

Pintu Academy. (2022, November 25). Mengenal Teknologi Smart Contract. Pintu Academy. https://pintu.co.id/academy/post/apa-itu-dapps-dan-smart-contract

Prasasti, G. D. (2022, Januari 26). Ada bug di OpenSea, bikin NFT bisa dibeli jauh lebih murah. Liputan6.com. https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/4869939/ada-bug-di-opensea-bikin-nft-bisa-dibeli-jauh-lebih-murah

Prayoga, D. A., Husodo, J. A., Elok, A., & Maharani, P. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Warga Negara Dengan Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2019 Tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Nasional. Souvereignty : Jurnal Demokrasi dan Ketahanan Nasional, 2(2), 188–200. https://journal.uns.ac.id/Souvereignty/article/view/865.

Putri, A. S., Kirani, M., Sadi, M. F., & Setiawan, R. Q. (2024). Analisis Kewajiban dan Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Kontrak Jual Beli. Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI), 2(4), 505–514.

Safira, V. (2021, Maret 26). Keabsahan Smart Contract Sebagai Perjanjian yang Mengikat Para Pihak. HK & Associates Law Office. https://hkalawoffice.com/keabsahan-smart-contract-sebagai-perjanjian-yang-mengikat-para-pihak/

Sayeed, S., Marco-Gisbert, H., & Caira, T. (2020). Smart Contract: Attacks and Protections. IEEE Access, 8, 24416–24427.

Setiono. (2004). Rule of Law (Supremasi Hukum). Surakarta: Magister Ilmu Hukum Program Pascasarjana Universitas Sebelas Maret.

Shahira, R., & Surahmad. (2023). Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Jual Beli Properti (Studi Kasus PT Developer Properti Indoland). Al-Mashlahah Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Pranata Sosial, 10(001 SE-Articles). https://jurnal.staialhidayahbogor.ac.id/index.php/am/article/view/3585.

Tampubolon, S. W. (2016). Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Ditinjau Dari Undang Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Jurnal Ilmiah Advokasi, 4(1), 684–686.

Tanumihardjo, G. K., & Putra, A. P. M. (2022). Penggunaan Smart Contract Di Indonesia. Jurnal Kertha Wicara, 11(2), 437–447.

Wamafma, F. et al. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Dalam Transaksi E-Commerce. Banyumas: Amerta Media.

Xu, X., Pautasso, C., Zhu, L., Gramoli, V., Ponomarev, A., Tran, A. B., & Chen, S. (2016). The blockchain as a software connector. Proceedings - 2016 13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture, WICSA 2016, (April), 182–191.

Zela, D. (2024, April 4). Terjebak di Lido: $24 juta SOL kandas karena bug smart contract! Pintu. https://pintu.co.id/news/79905-24juta-sol-bug-smart-contract

Zhao, B., Lin, X., Tian, Y., Zonouz, S., Ruan, N., Li, J., Beyah, R., & Ji, S. (2025). Detecting Functional Bugs in Smart Contracts through LLM-Powered and Bug-Oriented Composite Analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.23718.